San Diego Bay Native Oyster Living Shoreline Pilot Project

San Diego Bay Native Oyster Living Shoreline Pilot Project

The project is a pilot study in collaboration with the California Coastal Conservancy (Coastal Conservancy) to create and evaluate the success of native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) reefs in a portion of south San Diego Bay (Bay). The project is managed by a Project Team, which consists of the District, the Coastal Conservancy, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Southwest Wetlands Interpretive Association, and California State University Fullerton. The project is supported by a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), which includes technical experts from the Universities of California Davis and Santa Cruz, California Sea Grant, National Marine Fisheries Service, California Coastal Commission, along with many others. The project is designed to determine if native Olympia oysters success¬fully recruit on constructed reef ball elements, the effect of tidal elevation on recruitment of native and non-native oysters, the ability of constructed reefs to protect shorelines from erosion and flooding, and whether constructed reefs support higher degrees, or levels, of biodiversity compared to the adjacent areas. The project site is adjacent to the Chula Vista Wildlife Reserve (CVWR) in Chula Vista, California, and within the jurisdictional boundaries of the San Diego Unified Port District (District). The project site is within Planning District 7, the Chula Vista Bayfront, of the District’s certified Port Master Plan, and has a land use designation of Wetlands. The project site is an intertidal mudflat located in south San Diego Bay adjacent to the CVWR —an area known to have historical erosion issues. The project would utilize a modular approach under which constructed oyster reef ball elements would be placed in a series of six arrays at two tidal elevations along the project site’s mudflat (three arrays at each of two elevations). Each array will also have a paired control array at the same tidal elevation. Individual reef ball elements (baycrete reef balls, described below) would be organized into reef groups consisting of four reef ball elements placed in a square pattern; the approximate footprint of each reef group would be 8 feet by 8 feet (including some open space between each element), or 64 square feet. Reef arrays would consist of 15 reef groups arranged in a checkerboard pattern with spacing of 14 to 20 feet between the center of each group. Therefore, each reef array would consist of 60 reef ball elements. Each array would have overall dimensions of approximately 88 feet long by 45 feet wide. It is important to note that the actual footprint of the array would be significantly less than the overall dimensions due to the open spaces between the element groups and within the elements themselves. The slightly larger square footage has been factored into the design as a conservative estimate to account for slight fluctuation in spacing when the reef balls are placed. In total, the “footprint” of the reef ball elements for all six proposed arrays to be placed along the shoreline would be approximately 5,760 square feet (0.13 acres). Each oyster reef element would consist of a baycrete (concrete mixed with local sand and shell aggregate) reef ball with a top circumference of approximately 2 feet, and a wider base which is 3 feet in circumference. The height of each element would be approximately 2 feet above the mudline. Reef balls may also be installed with removable tops. Native Olympia oysters are known to recruit at lower tidal elevations than non-native Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). The ability to remove the tops of reef balls is an adaptive management measure that would allow for modification of the total height of the reef balls to allow for Olympia oyster to grow. Removal of the higher portion of reef balls may occur to prevent or eliminate habitat for non-native oysters and other non-native and invasive invertebrate species. As higher elevation structures are expected to have greater wave dampening benefits, the removal of the tops of reef balls would be conducted only if they become heavily colonized by non-native species during the 5-year post installation monitoring period. Existing eelgrass on the project site is negligible, and the reef balls would not be located within existing eelgrass beds, which would be marked by temporary polyvinyl chloride (PVC) posts during the pre-installation survey at the project site. See Attachment A, which shows where the reef balls (or arrays) will be located in relation to frequency of eelgrass occurrence at this project site. The reef controls shown in Attachment A are sites that will not have reef balls or arrays placed, but are control sites for the project. Each control has been located with consideration to exact elevations and similar environmental conditions with a respective reef array, while ensuring that none of the controls are impacted by the shadowing effect of another array. The control limits are defined only by Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates and are used for comparative monitoring, there will be no physical structures placed within them and, as such, they will have no impacts on eelgrass. Attachment B shows the respective “zones of affect” of sediment distribution for each reef array. Based upon wave energy dissipation from the north-west, Attachment B demonstrates that sediment distribution would be directed away from where eelgrass frequently occurs at this project location. Installation of the project is anticipated to occur in early Spring 2021. The primary consideration for installation corresponds to the period just prior to seasonal recruitment for native Olympia oysters. Installation of the project’s reef ball elements is anticipated to take approximately four weeks or less. The project site is accessible by water and or existing shoreline, and materials would be transported to the project site at high tide, thereby restricting available work times and limiting installation vessels to small, shallow-draft vessels. Additionally, installation of the project would not require any dredging or substantial below grade disturbances (e.g., pile driving or digging). Installation of the project would include several additional project features. A localized access corridor across the eelgrass beds would be marked to minimize the potential for vessel grounding in eelgrass during installation of the project, as well as implementation of a vessel positioning system that avoids the need for ground chains or other tackle that may damage eelgrass. The project would comply with the California Eelgrass Mitigation Policy (CEMP), which requires the District to retain a qualified biologist to conduct pre- and post-installation surveys to determine if any eelgrass is affected by project activities. Construction activities associated with the project are expected to be completed outside of the nesting season for California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni) which typically begins in mid-April. Due to the minor scale and scope of the Project, there are no construction activities with the potential to create turbidity and the project is not expected to have any impacts on California least tern if the construction schedule overlaps with the nesting season. Construction would also comply with any permit requirements issued by other resource agencies, such as the National Marine Fisheries Service, to avoid construction activity interactions with Green Sea Turtles and other sensitive species. All vessel operations associated with the project would require compliance with District Code Section 4.30(c) which precludes vessel speeds of greater than 5 mph outside of navigational channels. The Applicant would be responsible for compliance with all laws and regulations associated with the activities on or in connection with the above-described premises, and in all uses thereof, including those regulating stormwater, biological resources, and hazardous materials, as well as acquiring necessary permits from relevant resource agencies, such as the California Coastal Commission, Army Corps of Engineers, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Regional Water Quality Control Board. Following installation, a 5-year study would be initiated, including biological monitoring and structural investigations to assess the project’s success, which will be measured against established success criteria that have been approved by a technical advisory committee. The Project Team and TAC will track and discuss results at least annually and consider adaptive management measures if deemed necessary for success criteria that are not being met. Since biological systems take many years to stabilize, data collection is anticipated to occur monthly or quarterly in years one through five post-installation, with further detailed monitoring incorporated if funding allows. Each element of the monitoring program would require sampling at varying frequencies with seasonal timing. Data collection would require accessing the reef arrays and adjacent unmodified control (reference) areas of the shoreline either by shallow draft vessel or by land. Land access would be limited to foot traffic from existing roads and upland shoreline access points. Upon its conclusion, the project’s reef ball elements would be expected to be left in place as habitat. The project’s reef ball elements would be removed if, at the conclusion of the five-year monitoring period, adaptive management measures are not successful or feasible and the project meets one or more of established removal criteria that have been approved by a technical advisory committee. The modular construction of the baycrete reef ball elements would allow for full removal (removal of all reef ball elements within an oyster reef array), or for partial removal (removal of a portion of each reef ball element). It is anticipated that zonation of oyster species, and possibly of other colonizing invertebrates, would be apparent between oyster reef arrays placed at different tidal elevation treatments, as well as across the two-foot vertical relief of each reef ball element. For this reason, results would be partitioned by tidal elevation prior to removal of any reef ball elements. Only reef ball elements, or portions of reef ball elements, that meet one of the removal criteria would be considered for removal. Success and Removal Criteria The Project Team has worked with the TAC to receive and incorporate feedback throughout the design process. In order to address the overall success of the project, success criteria would be implemented as part of the proposed Project. It is anticipated that there would be interannual variability in the recruitment and densities of desired organisms. It is further anticipated that there would be variability in densities of desired organisms based on tidal elevation treatments of reef arrays, and vertical elevation across individual reef elements. For this reason, success criteria are identified specifically by oyster reef array to the measured metric. Comparable sites will be reviewed and approved by the TAC during the monitoring plan development. Project success would be based on achievement of the following criteria within the five-year period following construction. SUCCESS CRITERIA: 1. Native Olympia oysters (O. lurida) recruit with mean densities per square meter of substrate on constructed oyster reef elements at statistically significantly higher densities than comparable sites in San Diego Bay. Comparable sites will be hard substrate in similar configurations, such as cobble and rip-rap, at similar elevations. 2. The ratio of native to non-native species* (including invertebrates & algae) areal coverage on constructed oyster reef elements is statistically significantly higher than comparable sites in San Diego Bay. 3. The ratio of non-native Pacific oyster (C. gigas) areal coverage to native Olympia oyster (O. lurida) that occupy constructed oyster reef elements are equivalent to or lower than ratios at comparable sites in San Diego Bay. 4. The percent change in native species richness of fish and mobile invertebrates captured within oyster reef arrays over the five year post-construction monitoring period is equivalent to or higher than the percent change in native species richness of these organisms at adjacent mudflat/eelgrass controls and comparable sites within San Diego Bay. 5. Presence of oyster reef arrays result in significant accretion or lower erosion of sediment shoreward of the arrays, as compared to control plots. REMOVAL CRITERIA: 1. Native Olympia oysters (O. lurida) recruit with mean densities on constructed oyster reef elements at statistically significantly lower densities than comparable sites in San Diego Bay. 2. Constructed oyster reef elements are more dominated by non-native* species with statistically significantly higher aerial coverages of non-natives than comparable sites. 3. Shoreline erosion occurs shoreward of constructed oyster reef elements at rates statistically significantly higher than comparable sites. *Some non-native species may not be included in analysis. The Project will follow TAC guidance on cryptogenic and unspecified species. San Diego Bay’s cryptogenic species can be found in the U.S. Navy’s TECHNICAL REPORT 2038 (March 2013)

Chula Vista

San Diego

Southern California